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      • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
      • 1b: Tree Addressing
      • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 2a: Unit Logic
      • 2b: List Logic
      • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
      • 2d: Bit Logic
      • 2e: Insecure Hashing
      • 2f: Noun Ordering
      • 2g: Unsigned Powers
      • 2h: Set Logic
      • 2i: Map Logic
      • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
      • 2k: Queue Logic
      • 2l: Container from Container
      • 2m: Container from Noun
      • 2n: Functional Hacks
      • 2o: Normalizing Containers
      • 2p: Serialization
      • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
      • 3b: Floating Point
      • 3c: Urbit Time
      • 3d: SHA Hash Family
      • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
      • 3f: Scrambling
      • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 4a: Exotic Bases
      • 4b: Text Processing
      • 4c: Tank Printer
      • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
      • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
      • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
      • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
      • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
      • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
      • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
      • 4k: Atom Printing
      • 4l: Atom Parsing
      • 4m: Formatting Functions
      • 4n: Virtualization
      • 4o: Molds
      • 5a: Compiler Utilities
      • 5b: Macro Expansion
      • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
      • 5d: Parser
      • 5e: Molds and mold builders
      • 5f: Profiling support
      • Runes

        • Atoms and strings
        • Nock . ('dot')
        • Wild ! ('zap')
        • Change Subject = ('tis')
        • Conditionals ? ('wut')
        • Cores | ('bar')
        • Arms + ('lus')
        • Cells : ('col')
        • Calls % ('cen')
        • Casts ^ ('ket')
        • Structures $ ('buc')
        • Make ; ('mic')
        • Hints ~ ('sig')
        • Imports / ('fas')
        • Terminators -- and ==
        • Limbs and wings

          • Limbs
          • Wings
          • Zuse

            • Table of Contents
            • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
            • 2d(6): From JSON
            • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
            • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
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                                                  • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
                                                  • 1b: Tree Addressing
                                                  • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 2a: Unit Logic
                                                  • 2b: List Logic
                                                  • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
                                                  • 2d: Bit Logic
                                                  • 2e: Insecure Hashing
                                                  • 2f: Noun Ordering
                                                  • 2g: Unsigned Powers
                                                  • 2h: Set Logic
                                                  • 2i: Map Logic
                                                  • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
                                                  • 2k: Queue Logic
                                                  • 2l: Container from Container
                                                  • 2m: Container from Noun
                                                  • 2n: Functional Hacks
                                                  • 2o: Normalizing Containers
                                                  • 2p: Serialization
                                                  • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
                                                  • 3b: Floating Point
                                                  • 3c: Urbit Time
                                                  • 3d: SHA Hash Family
                                                  • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
                                                  • 3f: Scrambling
                                                  • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 4a: Exotic Bases
                                                  • 4b: Text Processing
                                                  • 4c: Tank Printer
                                                  • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
                                                  • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
                                                  • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
                                                  • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
                                                  • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
                                                  • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
                                                  • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
                                                  • 4k: Atom Printing
                                                  • 4l: Atom Parsing
                                                  • 4m: Formatting Functions
                                                  • 4n: Virtualization
                                                  • 4o: Molds
                                                  • 5a: Compiler Utilities
                                                  • 5b: Macro Expansion
                                                  • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
                                                  • 5d: Parser
                                                  • 5e: Molds and mold builders
                                                  • 5f: Profiling support
                                                  • Runes

                                                    • Atoms and strings
                                                    • Nock . ('dot')
                                                    • Wild ! ('zap')
                                                    • Change Subject = ('tis')
                                                    • Conditionals ? ('wut')
                                                    • Cores | ('bar')
                                                    • Arms + ('lus')
                                                    • Cells : ('col')
                                                    • Calls % ('cen')
                                                    • Casts ^ ('ket')
                                                    • Structures $ ('buc')
                                                    • Make ; ('mic')
                                                    • Hints ~ ('sig')
                                                    • Imports / ('fas')
                                                    • Terminators -- and ==
                                                    • Limbs and wings

                                                      • Limbs
                                                      • Wings
                                                      • Zuse

                                                        • Table of Contents
                                                        • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
                                                        • 2d(6): From JSON
                                                        • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
                                                        • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
                                                      • Arvo

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                                                                                          Reference/Hoon/Standard Library

                                                                                          1c: Molds and Mold-Builders

                                                                                          +$bite

                                                                                          Atom slice specifier.

                                                                                          Either a single atom representing block size, or a cell containing a block size and an atom representing the number of blocks, called step. If step is not supplied, it defaults to a value of 1.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ bite $@(bloq [=bloq =step])

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          :: ++end gets the least significant bits of an atom.
                                                                                          > (end [1 1] 255)
                                                                                          3
                                                                                          > (end 1 255)
                                                                                          3
                                                                                          > (end 3 255)
                                                                                          255
                                                                                          > (end 3 65.535)
                                                                                          255
                                                                                          > (end [3 2] 65.535)
                                                                                          65.535
                                                                                          > (end [3 0] 65.535)
                                                                                          0

                                                                                          +$bloq

                                                                                          Blocksize

                                                                                          Atom representing block size. A block of size a has a bitwidth of 2^a.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ bloq @

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          :: ++met measures how many a-bloqs long an atom is.
                                                                                          > (met 3 256)
                                                                                          2
                                                                                          > (met 3 255)
                                                                                          1
                                                                                          > (met 3 65.535)
                                                                                          2
                                                                                          > (met 2 65.536)
                                                                                          > 3
                                                                                          > (met 0 4)
                                                                                          3
                                                                                          > (met 1 4)
                                                                                          2
                                                                                          > (met 5 9.999.999.999)
                                                                                          2
                                                                                          > (met 2 0xb5)
                                                                                          2

                                                                                          Discussion

                                                                                          You can think of bloq as a numeral system that can represent values of a^2^2, where a is the block size. That's because a block of size a contains a^2 bits, and a binary number that is b bits wide can represent b^2 values.

                                                                                          A bloq of 0 has a bitwidth of 1. (2^0 bits; can represent 2 values.)

                                                                                          A bloq of 1 has a bitwidth of 2. (2^1 bits; can represent 4 values.)

                                                                                          A bloq of 2 has a bitwidth of 4. (2^2 bits; can represent 16 values.)

                                                                                          A bloq of 3 has a bitwidth of 8. (2^3 bits; can represent 256 values.)

                                                                                          And so on.

                                                                                          See the bit arithmetic section for operations that use bloqs.


                                                                                          ++each

                                                                                          Mold of fork between two types

                                                                                          A mold generator. Produces a discriminated fork between two types, defaulting to this.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ each
                                                                                          |$ [this that]
                                                                                          $% [%| p=that]
                                                                                          [%& p=this]
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > ? *(each cord time)
                                                                                          ?([%.y [email protected]] [%.n [email protected]])
                                                                                          [%.y p='']
                                                                                          > ? *(each * tape)
                                                                                          ?([%.y p=*] [%.n p=""])
                                                                                          [%.y p=0]

                                                                                          ++gate

                                                                                          Function

                                                                                          A core with one arm, $--the empty name--which transforms a sample noun into a product noun. If used dryly as a type, the subject must have a sample type of *.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ gate
                                                                                          $-(* *)

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > ? gate
                                                                                          <1.ddq [* <46.hgz 1.pnw %140>]>
                                                                                          <1.ddq [* <46.hgz 1.pnw %140>]>
                                                                                          > (`gate`|=(a=* [a 'b']) 1)
                                                                                          [1 98]
                                                                                          > (`gate`|=([email protected] [a 'b']) 1)
                                                                                          mint-nice
                                                                                          [email protected]
                                                                                          -have.*
                                                                                          nest-fail
                                                                                          dojo: hoon expression failed

                                                                                          Discussion

                                                                                          A gate is analogous to a function in other programming languages. We created this new jargon because other constructs in Urbit are "functions" in the mathematical sense. Any gate normalizes to an iron gate.

                                                                                          See also: ++lift, ++cork


                                                                                          ++list

                                                                                          List

                                                                                          A mold generator. Generates a mold of a null-terminated list of a homogenous type.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ list
                                                                                          |$ [item]
                                                                                          $@(~ [i=item t=(list item)])

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *(list)
                                                                                          ~
                                                                                          > `(list @)`"abc"
                                                                                          ~[97 98 99]
                                                                                          > (snag 0 "abc")
                                                                                          'a'
                                                                                          > `(list @)`[1 2 'j' ~]
                                                                                          ~[1 2 106]

                                                                                          Discussion

                                                                                          See also: ++turn, ++snag


                                                                                          ++lone

                                                                                          Face on mold

                                                                                          A mold generator. Puts face of p on the passed-in mold.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ lone
                                                                                          |$ [item]
                                                                                          p=item

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > ? *cord
                                                                                          @t
                                                                                          ''
                                                                                          > ? *(lone cord)
                                                                                          [email protected]
                                                                                          p=''
                                                                                          > ? *(lone @)
                                                                                          [email protected]
                                                                                          p=0
                                                                                          > ? *@
                                                                                          @
                                                                                          0

                                                                                          ++pair

                                                                                          Mold of pair of types

                                                                                          A mold generator. Produces a tuple of two of the types passed in.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ pair
                                                                                          |$ [head tail]
                                                                                          [p=head q=tail]

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *(pair ? cord)
                                                                                          [p=%.y q='']
                                                                                          > *(pair tape @)
                                                                                          [p="" q=0]

                                                                                          ++pole

                                                                                          Faceless list

                                                                                          A mold generator. A list without the faces i and t.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ pole
                                                                                          |$ [item]
                                                                                          $@(~ [item (pole item)])

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > =/(a "asdf" ?>(?=(^ a) `(lest @tD)`a))
                                                                                          [i='a' t=[i='s' t=[i='d' t=[i='f' t=~]]]]
                                                                                          > `(pole char)`"asdf"
                                                                                          ['a' ['s' ['d' ['f' ~]]]]

                                                                                          ++qual

                                                                                          Mold of 4-type tuple

                                                                                          A mold generator. Produces a tuple of four of the types passed in.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ qual
                                                                                          |$ [first second third fourth]
                                                                                          [p=first q=second r=third s=fourth]

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *(qual date time tape cord)
                                                                                          [p=[[a=%.y y=0] m=0 t=[d=0 h=0 m=0 s=0 f=~]] q=~2000.1.1 r="" s='']
                                                                                          > *(qual (list @) @u @ud @ux)
                                                                                          [p=~ q=0 r=0 s=0x0]

                                                                                          ++quip

                                                                                          Mold of pair of list and type

                                                                                          A mold generator. Produces a tuple of a list of item and the mold of state.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ quip
                                                                                          |$ [item state]
                                                                                          [(list item) state]

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *(quip @ _'hi')
                                                                                          [~ 'hi']
                                                                                          > `(quip @ @ux)`[[1 2 3 4 ~] 0x10]
                                                                                          [~[1 2 3 4] 0x10]

                                                                                          Discussion

                                                                                          A common pattern in Hoon code is to return a list of changes, along with a new state. You'll often see quip used in Gall apps.


                                                                                          ++step

                                                                                          Atom size or offset, in bloqs.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ step
                                                                                          _`@u`1

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > `step`0
                                                                                          0
                                                                                          > `step`2
                                                                                          2

                                                                                          ++trap

                                                                                          Core with one arm $

                                                                                          A trap is a core with one arm $.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ trap
                                                                                          |$ [product]
                                                                                          _|?($:product)

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > (*trap)
                                                                                          <1?ruo 1.mhl [product=<1|xpg [* * *]> <46.hgz 1.pnw %140>]>
                                                                                          > *(*trap)
                                                                                          0
                                                                                          > (|.(42))
                                                                                          42

                                                                                          ++tree

                                                                                          Tree mold generator

                                                                                          A mold generator. A tree can be empty, or contain a node of a type and left/right sub tree of the same type. Pretty-printed with {}.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ tree
                                                                                          |$ [node]
                                                                                          $@(~ [n=node l=(tree node) r=(tree node)])

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > `(tree [@ tape])`[[1 "hi"] [[2 "bye"] ~ ~] ~]
                                                                                          {[2 "bye"] [1 "hi"]}

                                                                                          ++trel

                                                                                          Mold of three types

                                                                                          A mold generator. A mold of the tuple of the three types passed in.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ trel
                                                                                          |$ [first second third]
                                                                                          [p=first q=second r=third]

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *(trel @ud @t @s)
                                                                                          [p=0 q='' r=--0]
                                                                                          > *(trel cord bloq tape)
                                                                                          [p='' q=0 r=""]

                                                                                          ++unit

                                                                                          Maybe

                                                                                          A mold generator. A unit is either ~ or [~ u=item], where item is the type that was passed in.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ unit
                                                                                          |$ [item]
                                                                                          $@(~ [~ u=item])

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > ? *(unit time)
                                                                                          u(@da)
                                                                                          ~
                                                                                          > =a |= [email protected]
                                                                                          ^- (unit @)
                                                                                          ?~ a ~
                                                                                          [~ a]
                                                                                          > (a 2)
                                                                                          [~ 2]

                                                                                          Discussion

                                                                                          Using a unit allows you to specify something that may not be there.

                                                                                          See also: ++bind


                                                                                          <-

                                                                                          1b: Tree Addressing

                                                                                          2a: Unit Logic

                                                                                          ->

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