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      • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
      • 1b: Tree Addressing
      • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 2a: Unit Logic
      • 2b: List Logic
      • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
      • 2d: Bit Logic
      • 2e: Insecure Hashing
      • 2f: Noun Ordering
      • 2g: Unsigned Powers
      • 2h: Set Logic
      • 2i: Map Logic
      • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
      • 2k: Queue Logic
      • 2l: Container from Container
      • 2m: Container from Noun
      • 2n: Functional Hacks
      • 2o: Normalizing Containers
      • 2p: Serialization
      • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
      • 3b: Floating Point
      • 3c: Urbit Time
      • 3d: SHA Hash Family
      • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
      • 3f: Scrambling
      • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 4a: Exotic Bases
      • 4b: Text Processing
      • 4c: Tank Printer
      • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
      • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
      • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
      • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
      • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
      • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
      • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
      • 4k: Atom Printing
      • 4l: Atom Parsing
      • 4m: Formatting Functions
      • 4n: Virtualization
      • 4o: Molds
      • 5a: Compiler Utilities
      • 5b: Macro Expansion
      • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
      • 5d: Parser
      • 5e: Molds and mold builders
      • 5f: Profiling support
      • Runes

        • Atoms and strings
        • Nock . ('dot')
        • Wild ! ('zap')
        • Change Subject = ('tis')
        • Conditionals ? ('wut')
        • Cores | ('bar')
        • Arms + ('lus')
        • Cells : ('col')
        • Calls % ('cen')
        • Casts ^ ('ket')
        • Structures $ ('buc')
        • Make ; ('mic')
        • Hints ~ ('sig')
        • Imports / ('fas')
        • Terminators -- and ==
        • Limbs and wings

          • Limbs
          • Wings
          • Zuse

            • Table of Contents
            • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
            • 2d(6): From JSON
            • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
            • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
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                                                  • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
                                                  • 1b: Tree Addressing
                                                  • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 2a: Unit Logic
                                                  • 2b: List Logic
                                                  • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
                                                  • 2d: Bit Logic
                                                  • 2e: Insecure Hashing
                                                  • 2f: Noun Ordering
                                                  • 2g: Unsigned Powers
                                                  • 2h: Set Logic
                                                  • 2i: Map Logic
                                                  • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
                                                  • 2k: Queue Logic
                                                  • 2l: Container from Container
                                                  • 2m: Container from Noun
                                                  • 2n: Functional Hacks
                                                  • 2o: Normalizing Containers
                                                  • 2p: Serialization
                                                  • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
                                                  • 3b: Floating Point
                                                  • 3c: Urbit Time
                                                  • 3d: SHA Hash Family
                                                  • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
                                                  • 3f: Scrambling
                                                  • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 4a: Exotic Bases
                                                  • 4b: Text Processing
                                                  • 4c: Tank Printer
                                                  • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
                                                  • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
                                                  • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
                                                  • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
                                                  • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
                                                  • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
                                                  • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
                                                  • 4k: Atom Printing
                                                  • 4l: Atom Parsing
                                                  • 4m: Formatting Functions
                                                  • 4n: Virtualization
                                                  • 4o: Molds
                                                  • 5a: Compiler Utilities
                                                  • 5b: Macro Expansion
                                                  • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
                                                  • 5d: Parser
                                                  • 5e: Molds and mold builders
                                                  • 5f: Profiling support
                                                  • Runes

                                                    • Atoms and strings
                                                    • Nock . ('dot')
                                                    • Wild ! ('zap')
                                                    • Change Subject = ('tis')
                                                    • Conditionals ? ('wut')
                                                    • Cores | ('bar')
                                                    • Arms + ('lus')
                                                    • Cells : ('col')
                                                    • Calls % ('cen')
                                                    • Casts ^ ('ket')
                                                    • Structures $ ('buc')
                                                    • Make ; ('mic')
                                                    • Hints ~ ('sig')
                                                    • Imports / ('fas')
                                                    • Terminators -- and ==
                                                    • Limbs and wings

                                                      • Limbs
                                                      • Wings
                                                      • Zuse

                                                        • Table of Contents
                                                        • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
                                                        • 2d(6): From JSON
                                                        • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
                                                        • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
                                                      • Arvo

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                                                          • Cryptography
                                                          • API Reference
                                                          • Scry Reference
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                                                                                          Reference/Hoon/Standard Library

                                                                                          5a: Compiler Utilities

                                                                                          These functions are used internally by the compiler. They should not be used directly and are only listed here for completeness.

                                                                                          ++musk

                                                                                          Nock with block set

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          This function is extremely large, please refer to hoon.hoon for the source.


                                                                                          ++bool

                                                                                          Make loobean

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ bool `type`(fork [%atom %f `0] [%atom %f `1] ~)

                                                                                          ++cell

                                                                                          Make %cell type

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ cell
                                                                                          ~/ %cell
                                                                                          |= [hed=type tal=type]
                                                                                          ^- type
                                                                                          ?:(=(%void hed) %void ?:(=(%void tal) %void [%cell hed tal]))

                                                                                          ++core

                                                                                          Make %core type

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ core
                                                                                          ~/ %core
                                                                                          |= [pac=type con=coil]
                                                                                          ^- type
                                                                                          ?:(=(%void pac) %void [%core pac con])

                                                                                          ++hint

                                                                                          Make %hint type

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ hint
                                                                                          |= [p=(pair type note) q=type]
                                                                                          ^- type
                                                                                          ?: =(%void q) %void
                                                                                          ?: =(%noun q) %noun
                                                                                          [%hint p q]

                                                                                          ++face

                                                                                          Make %face type

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ face
                                                                                          ~/ %face
                                                                                          |= [giz=$@(term tune) der=type]
                                                                                          ^- type
                                                                                          ?: =(%void der)
                                                                                          %void
                                                                                          [%face giz der]

                                                                                          ++fork

                                                                                          Make %fork type

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ fork
                                                                                          ~/ %fork
                                                                                          |= yed=(list type)
                                                                                          =| lez=(set type)
                                                                                          |- ^- type
                                                                                          ?~ yed
                                                                                          ?~ lez %void
                                                                                          ?: ?=([* ~ ~] lez) n.lez
                                                                                          [%fork lez]
                                                                                          %= $
                                                                                          yed t.yed
                                                                                          lez
                                                                                          ?: =(%void i.yed) lez
                                                                                          ?: ?=([%fork *] i.yed) (~(uni in lez) p.i.yed)
                                                                                          (~(put in lez) i.yed)
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          ++cove

                                                                                          Extract [0 *] axis

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ cove
                                                                                          |= nug=nock
                                                                                          ?- nug
                                                                                          [%0 *] p.nug
                                                                                          [%11 *] $(nug q.nug)
                                                                                          * ~_(leaf+"cove" !!)
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          ++comb

                                                                                          Combine two formulas

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ comb
                                                                                          ~/ %comb
                                                                                          |= [mal=nock buz=nock]
                                                                                          ^- nock
                                                                                          ?: ?&(?=([%0 *] mal) !=(0 p.mal))
                                                                                          ?: ?&(?=([%0 *] buz) !=(0 p.buz))
                                                                                          [%0 (peg p.mal p.buz)]
                                                                                          ?: ?=([%2 [%0 *] [%0 *]] buz)
                                                                                          [%2 [%0 (peg p.mal p.p.buz)] [%0 (peg p.mal p.q.buz)]]
                                                                                          [%7 mal buz]
                                                                                          ?: ?=([^ [%0 %1]] mal)
                                                                                          [%8 p.mal buz]
                                                                                          ?: =([%0 %1] buz)
                                                                                          mal
                                                                                          [%7 mal buz]

                                                                                          ++cond

                                                                                          ?: compile

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ cond
                                                                                          ~/ %cond
                                                                                          |= [pex=nock yom=nock woq=nock]
                                                                                          ^- nock
                                                                                          ?- pex
                                                                                          [%1 %0] yom
                                                                                          [%1 %1] woq
                                                                                          * [%6 pex yom woq]
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          ++cons

                                                                                          Make formula cell

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ cons
                                                                                          ~/ %cons
                                                                                          |= [vur=nock sed=nock]
                                                                                          ^- nock
                                                                                          :: this optimization can remove crashes which are essential
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          :: ?: ?=([[%0 *] [%0 *]] +<)
                                                                                          :: ?: ?&(=(+(p.vur) p.sed) =((div p.vur 2) (div p.sed 2)))
                                                                                          :: [%0 (div p.vur 2)]
                                                                                          :: [vur sed]
                                                                                          ?: ?=([[%1 *] [%1 *]] +<)
                                                                                          [%1 p.vur p.sed]
                                                                                          [vur sed]

                                                                                          ++fitz

                                                                                          Aura compatibility

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ fitz
                                                                                          ~/ %fitz
                                                                                          |= [yaz=term wix=term]
                                                                                          =+ ^= fiz
                                                                                          |= mot=@ta ^- [p=@ q=@ta]
                                                                                          =+ len=(met 3 mot)
                                                                                          ?: =(0 len)
                                                                                          [0 %$]
                                                                                          =+ tyl=(rsh [3 (dec len)] mot)
                                                                                          ?: &((gte tyl 'A') (lte tyl 'Z'))
                                                                                          [(sub tyl 64) (end [3 (dec len)] mot)]
                                                                                          [0 mot]
                                                                                          =+ [yoz=(fiz yaz) wux=(fiz wix)]
                                                                                          ?& ?| =(0 p.yoz)
                                                                                          =(0 p.wux)
                                                                                          &(!=(0 p.wux) (lte p.wux p.yoz))
                                                                                          ==
                                                                                          |- ?| =(%$ p.yoz)
                                                                                          =(%$ p.wux)
                                                                                          ?& =((end 3 p.yoz) (end 3 p.wux))
                                                                                          $(p.yoz (rsh 3 p.yoz), p.wux (rsh 3 p.wux))
                                                                                          ==
                                                                                          ==
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          ++flan

                                                                                          Loobean &

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ flan
                                                                                          ~/ %flan
                                                                                          |= [bos=nock nif=nock]
                                                                                          ^- nock
                                                                                          ?: =(bos nif) bos
                                                                                          ?: =([%0 0] bos) nif
                                                                                          ?: =([%0 0] nif) bos
                                                                                          ?- bos
                                                                                          [%1 %1] bos
                                                                                          [%1 %0] nif
                                                                                          *
                                                                                          ?- nif
                                                                                          [%1 %1] nif
                                                                                          [%1 %0] bos
                                                                                          * [%6 bos nif [%1 1]]
                                                                                          ==
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          ++flip

                                                                                          Loobean negation

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ flip
                                                                                          ~/ %flip
                                                                                          |= dyr=nock
                                                                                          ?: =([%0 0] dyr) dyr
                                                                                          [%6 dyr [%1 1] [%1 0]]

                                                                                          ++flor

                                                                                          Loobean |

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ flor
                                                                                          ~/ %flor
                                                                                          |= [bos=nock nif=nock]
                                                                                          ^- nock
                                                                                          ?: =(bos nif) bos
                                                                                          ?: =([%0 0] bos) nif
                                                                                          ?: =([%0 0] nif) bos
                                                                                          ?- bos
                                                                                          [%1 %1] nif
                                                                                          [%1 %0] bos
                                                                                          *
                                                                                          ?- nif
                                                                                          [%1 %1] bos
                                                                                          [%1 %0] nif
                                                                                          * [%6 bos [%1 0] nif]
                                                                                          ==
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          ++hike

                                                                                          Compiler utility

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ hike
                                                                                          ~/ %hike
                                                                                          |= [a=axis pac=(list (pair axis nock))]
                                                                                          |^ =/ rel=(map axis nock) (roll pac insert)
                                                                                          =/ ord=(list axis) (sort ~(tap in ~(key by rel)) gth)
                                                                                          |- ^- nock
                                                                                          ?~ ord
                                                                                          [%0 a]
                                                                                          =/ b=axis i.ord
                                                                                          =/ c=nock (~(got by rel) b)
                                                                                          =/ d=nock $(ord t.ord)
                                                                                          [%10 [b c] d]
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          ++ contains
                                                                                          |= [container=axis contained=axis]
                                                                                          ^- ?
                                                                                          =/ big=@ (met 0 container)
                                                                                          =/ small=@ (met 0 contained)
                                                                                          ?: (lte small big) |
                                                                                          =/ dif=@ (sub small big)
                                                                                          =(container (rsh [0 dif] contained))
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          ++ parent
                                                                                          |= a=axis
                                                                                          `axis`(rsh 0 a)
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          ++ sibling
                                                                                          |= a=axis
                                                                                          ^- axis
                                                                                          ?~ (mod a 2)
                                                                                          +(a)
                                                                                          (dec a)
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          ++ insert
                                                                                          |= [e=[axe=axis fol=nock] n=(map axis nock)]
                                                                                          ^- (map axis nock)
                                                                                          ?: =/ a=axis axe.e
                                                                                          |- ^- ?
                                                                                          ?: =(1 a) |
                                                                                          ?: (~(has by n) a)
                                                                                          &
                                                                                          $(a (parent a))
                                                                                          :: parent already in
                                                                                          n
                                                                                          =. n
                                                                                          :: remove children
                                                                                          %+ roll ~(tap by n)
                                                                                          |= [[axe=axis fol=nock] m=_n]
                                                                                          ?. (contains axe.e axe) m
                                                                                          (~(del by m) axe)
                                                                                          =/ sib (sibling axe.e)
                                                                                          =/ un (~(get by n) sib)
                                                                                          ?~ un (~(put by n) axe.e fol.e)
                                                                                          :: replace sibling with parent
                                                                                          %= $
                                                                                          n (~(del by n) sib)
                                                                                          e :- (parent sib)
                                                                                          ?: (gth sib axe.e)
                                                                                          (cons fol.e u.un)
                                                                                          (cons u.un fol.e)
                                                                                          ==
                                                                                          --

                                                                                          ++jock

                                                                                          Compiler utility

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ jock
                                                                                          |= rad=?
                                                                                          |= lot=coin ^- hoon
                                                                                          ?- -.lot
                                                                                          ~
                                                                                          ?:(rad [%rock p.lot] [%sand p.lot])
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          %blob
                                                                                          ?: rad
                                                                                          [%rock %$ p.lot]
                                                                                          ?@(p.lot [%sand %$ p.lot] [$(p.lot -.p.lot) $(p.lot +.p.lot)])
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          %many
                                                                                          [%cltr (turn p.lot |=(a=coin ^$(lot a)))]
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          ++look

                                                                                          Compiler utility

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ look
                                                                                          ~/ %look
                                                                                          |= [cog=term dab=(map term hoon)]
                                                                                          =+ axe=1
                                                                                          |- ^- (unit [p=axis q=hoon])
                                                                                          ?- dab
                                                                                          ~ ~
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          [* ~ ~]
                                                                                          ?:(=(cog p.n.dab) [~ axe q.n.dab] ~)
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          [* ~ *]
                                                                                          ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                          [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                          ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                          ~
                                                                                          $(axe (peg axe 3), dab r.dab)
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          [* * ~]
                                                                                          ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                          [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                          ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                          $(axe (peg axe 3), dab l.dab)
                                                                                          ~
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          [* * *]
                                                                                          ?: =(cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                          [~ (peg axe 2) q.n.dab]
                                                                                          ?: (gor cog p.n.dab)
                                                                                          $(axe (peg axe 6), dab l.dab)
                                                                                          $(axe (peg axe 7), dab r.dab)
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          ++loot

                                                                                          Compiler utility

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          ++ loot
                                                                                          ~/ %loot
                                                                                          |= [cog=term dom=(map term tome)]
                                                                                          =+ axe=1
                                                                                          |- ^- (unit [p=axis q=hoon])
                                                                                          ?- dom
                                                                                          ~ ~
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          [* ~ ~]
                                                                                          %+ bind (look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                          |=((pair axis hoon) [(peg axe p) q])
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          [* ~ *]
                                                                                          =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                          ?^ yep
                                                                                          [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                          $(axe (peg axe 3), dom r.dom)
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          [* * ~]
                                                                                          =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                          ?^ yep
                                                                                          [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                          $(axe (peg axe 3), dom l.dom)
                                                                                          ::
                                                                                          [* * *]
                                                                                          =+ yep=(look cog q.q.n.dom)
                                                                                          ?^ yep
                                                                                          [~ (peg (peg axe 2) p.u.yep) q.u.yep]
                                                                                          =+ pey=$(axe (peg axe 6), dom l.dom)
                                                                                          ?^ pey pey
                                                                                          $(axe (peg axe 7), dom r.dom)
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          <-

                                                                                          4o: Molds

                                                                                          5b: Macro Expansion

                                                                                          ->

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