Urbit Developers
  • Hoon

    • Overview
    • Cheat Sheet
    • Irregular forms
    • Hoon Errors
    • Hoon Style Guide
    • Basic Types
    • Advanced Types
    • Auras
    • Standard Library

      • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
      • 1b: Tree Addressing
      • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 2a: Unit Logic
      • 2b: List Logic
      • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
      • 2d: Bit Logic
      • 2e: Insecure Hashing
      • 2f: Noun Ordering
      • 2g: Unsigned Powers
      • 2h: Set Logic
      • 2i: Map Logic
      • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
      • 2k: Queue Logic
      • 2l: Container from Container
      • 2m: Container from Noun
      • 2n: Functional Hacks
      • 2o: Normalizing Containers
      • 2p: Serialization
      • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
      • 3b: Floating Point
      • 3c: Urbit Time
      • 3d: SHA Hash Family
      • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
      • 3f: Scrambling
      • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
      • 4a: Exotic Bases
      • 4b: Text Processing
      • 4c: Tank Printer
      • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
      • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
      • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
      • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
      • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
      • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
      • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
      • 4k: Atom Printing
      • 4l: Atom Parsing
      • 4m: Formatting Functions
      • 4n: Virtualization
      • 4o: Molds
      • 5a: Compiler Utilities
      • 5b: Macro Expansion
      • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
      • 5d: Parser
      • 5e: Molds and mold builders
      • 5f: Profiling support
      • Runes

        • Atoms and strings
        • Nock . ('dot')
        • Wild ! ('zap')
        • Change Subject = ('tis')
        • Conditionals ? ('wut')
        • Cores | ('bar')
        • Arms + ('lus')
        • Cells : ('col')
        • Calls % ('cen')
        • Casts ^ ('ket')
        • Structures $ ('buc')
        • Make ; ('mic')
        • Hints ~ ('sig')
        • Imports / ('fas')
        • Terminators -- and ==
        • Limbs and wings

          • Limbs
          • Wings
          • Zuse

            • Table of Contents
            • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
            • 2d(6): From JSON
            • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
            • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
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                                            • Ames
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                                              Urbit Developers
                                              • Hoon

                                                • Overview
                                                • Cheat Sheet
                                                • Irregular forms
                                                • Hoon Errors
                                                • Hoon Style Guide
                                                • Basic Types
                                                • Advanced Types
                                                • Auras
                                                • Standard Library

                                                  • 1a: Basic Arithmetic
                                                  • 1b: Tree Addressing
                                                  • 1c: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 2a: Unit Logic
                                                  • 2b: List Logic
                                                  • 2c: Bit Arithmetic
                                                  • 2d: Bit Logic
                                                  • 2e: Insecure Hashing
                                                  • 2f: Noun Ordering
                                                  • 2g: Unsigned Powers
                                                  • 2h: Set Logic
                                                  • 2i: Map Logic
                                                  • 2j: Jar and Jug Logic
                                                  • 2k: Queue Logic
                                                  • 2l: Container from Container
                                                  • 2m: Container from Noun
                                                  • 2n: Functional Hacks
                                                  • 2o: Normalizing Containers
                                                  • 2p: Serialization
                                                  • 2q: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 3a: Modular and Signed Ints
                                                  • 3b: Floating Point
                                                  • 3c: Urbit Time
                                                  • 3d: SHA Hash Family
                                                  • 3e: AES encryption (Removed)
                                                  • 3f: Scrambling
                                                  • 3g: Molds and Mold-Builders
                                                  • 4a: Exotic Bases
                                                  • 4b: Text Processing
                                                  • 4c: Tank Printer
                                                  • 4d: Parsing (Tracing)
                                                  • 4e: Parsing (Combinators)
                                                  • 4f: Parsing (Rule-Builders)
                                                  • 4g: Parsing (Outside Caller)
                                                  • 4h: Parsing (ASCII Glyphs)
                                                  • 4i: Parsing (Useful Idioms)
                                                  • 4j: Parsing (Bases and Base Digits)
                                                  • 4k: Atom Printing
                                                  • 4l: Atom Parsing
                                                  • 4m: Formatting Functions
                                                  • 4n: Virtualization
                                                  • 4o: Molds
                                                  • 5a: Compiler Utilities
                                                  • 5b: Macro Expansion
                                                  • 5c: Compiler Backend & Prettyprinter
                                                  • 5d: Parser
                                                  • 5e: Molds and mold builders
                                                  • 5f: Profiling support
                                                  • Runes

                                                    • Atoms and strings
                                                    • Nock . ('dot')
                                                    • Wild ! ('zap')
                                                    • Change Subject = ('tis')
                                                    • Conditionals ? ('wut')
                                                    • Cores | ('bar')
                                                    • Arms + ('lus')
                                                    • Cells : ('col')
                                                    • Calls % ('cen')
                                                    • Casts ^ ('ket')
                                                    • Structures $ ('buc')
                                                    • Make ; ('mic')
                                                    • Hints ~ ('sig')
                                                    • Imports / ('fas')
                                                    • Terminators -- and ==
                                                    • Limbs and wings

                                                      • Limbs
                                                      • Wings
                                                      • Zuse

                                                        • Table of Contents
                                                        • 2d(1-5): To JSON, Wains
                                                        • 2d(6): From JSON
                                                        • 2d(7): From JSON (unit)
                                                        • 2e(2-3): Print & Parse JSON
                                                      • Arvo

                                                        • Overview
                                                        • Ames

                                                          • Overview
                                                          • Cryptography
                                                          • API Reference
                                                          • Scry Reference
                                                          • Data Types
                                                          • Behn

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                                                            • API Reference
                                                            • Scry Reference
                                                            • Examples
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                                                              • Architecture
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                                                                                  • Explanation
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                                                                                  • Vere

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                                                                                    • API overview by prefix
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                                                                                      • Azimuth.eth
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                                                                                        • Custom Roller Tutorial
                                                                                      • Glossary

                                                                                        • Ames
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                                                                                            • Overview
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                                                                                            • Glob
                                                                                          Reference/Hoon/Standard Library

                                                                                          2q: Molds and Mold-Builders

                                                                                          +$axis

                                                                                          Tree address

                                                                                          A Nock axis inside a noun. After the leading 1, in binary, a 1 signfies right and 0 left.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ axis @

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > =axis `axis`7
                                                                                          > axis
                                                                                          7
                                                                                          > `@ub`axis
                                                                                          0b111
                                                                                          > =noun [[4 5] [6 14 15]]
                                                                                          > .*(noun [0 axis])
                                                                                          [14 15]

                                                                                          +$bean

                                                                                          Boolean

                                                                                          0, &, or %.y are true, and 1, |, and %.n are false.

                                                                                          Note 1 is false and 0 is true. This is sometimes referred to as "loobean".

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ bean ?

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *bean
                                                                                          %.y
                                                                                          > `bean`&
                                                                                          %.y
                                                                                          > `bean`|
                                                                                          %.n

                                                                                          +$flag

                                                                                          Boolean

                                                                                          Same as $bean.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ flag ?

                                                                                          +$char

                                                                                          Character

                                                                                          A single @t character.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ char @t

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *char
                                                                                          ''
                                                                                          > `char`'a'
                                                                                          'a'

                                                                                          +$cord

                                                                                          UTF-8 text

                                                                                          One of Hoon's two string types (the other being tape). A cord is an atom of UTF-8 text.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ cord @t

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *cord
                                                                                          ''
                                                                                          > `@ux`'foobar'
                                                                                          0x7261.626f.6f66
                                                                                          > `@t`97
                                                                                          'a'
                                                                                          > `@`'urbit'
                                                                                          499.984.265.845
                                                                                          > `@t`499.984.265.845
                                                                                          'urbit'

                                                                                          Discussion

                                                                                          Aura @t designates a Unicode atom, little-endian: the first character in the text is the least-significant byte.

                                                                                          trip converts from cord to tape, and crip converts from tape to cord.


                                                                                          +$byts

                                                                                          bytes, LSB first

                                                                                          An atom dat with its byte-length specified in wid. This is to handle leading zeros that are typically ignored.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ byts [wid=@ud dat=@]

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *byts
                                                                                          [wid=0 dat=0]
                                                                                          > =a `byts`[4 2]
                                                                                          > a
                                                                                          [wid=4 dat=2]
                                                                                          > `@ux`(rev 3 a)
                                                                                          0x200.0000

                                                                                          +$date

                                                                                          Parsed date

                                                                                          A boolean designating AD or BC, a year atom, a month atom, and a tarp, which is a day atom and a time.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ date [[a=? y=@ud] m=@ud t=tarp]

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *date
                                                                                          [[a=%.y y=0] m=0 t=[d=0 h=0 m=0 s=0 f=~]]
                                                                                          > `date`(yore ~2014.6.6..21.09.15..0a16)
                                                                                          [[a=%.y y=2.014] m=6 t=[d=6 h=21 m=9 s=15 f=~[0xa16]]]
                                                                                          > now
                                                                                          ~2018.5.25..17.55.15..9ad8

                                                                                          Discussion

                                                                                          See also: year, yore


                                                                                          +$knot

                                                                                          ASCII text

                                                                                          An atom type that only permits ASCII characters.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ knot @ta

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *knot
                                                                                          ~.
                                                                                          > `@ta`105
                                                                                          ~.i

                                                                                          +$noun

                                                                                          Any noun

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ noun *

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *noun
                                                                                          0
                                                                                          > `noun`'foo'
                                                                                          7.303.014
                                                                                          > `noun`"foo"
                                                                                          [102 111 111 0]

                                                                                          +$path

                                                                                          Like unix path

                                                                                          A path is a list of $knot.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ path (list knot)

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *path
                                                                                          /
                                                                                          > `path`"foo"
                                                                                          /f/o/o
                                                                                          > `path`[~.foo ~.bar ~.baz ~]
                                                                                          /foo/bar/baz

                                                                                          +$stud

                                                                                          Standard name

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ stud :: standard name
                                                                                          $@ mark=@tas :: auth=urbit
                                                                                          $: auth=@tas :: standards authority
                                                                                          type=path :: standard label
                                                                                          == ::

                                                                                          +$tang

                                                                                          Bottom-first error

                                                                                          A list of tanks. It's for printing types and bottom-up printing of stack traces.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ tang (list tank)

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *tang
                                                                                          ~
                                                                                          > %- %- slog
                                                                                          ^- tang
                                                                                          :~ 'foo'
                                                                                          leaf+"bar"
                                                                                          [%palm ["|" "(" "!" ")"] leaf+"foo" leaf+"bar" leaf+"baz" ~]
                                                                                          [%rose [" " "[" "]"] leaf+"foo" leaf+"bar" leaf+"baz" ~]
                                                                                          ==
                                                                                          foo
                                                                                          bar
                                                                                          (!foo|bar|baz)
                                                                                          [foo bar baz]
                                                                                          ~
                                                                                          ~

                                                                                          +$tank

                                                                                          Formatted print tree

                                                                                          A tank is one of four cases:

                                                                                          • just a cord.
                                                                                          • %leaf is just a tape.
                                                                                          • %palm is a list of tank delimited by the strings in p, with back-steps at new lines.
                                                                                          • %rose is a list of tank delimited by the strings in p without back-steps at new lines.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ tank
                                                                                          $~ leaf/~
                                                                                          $@ cord
                                                                                          $% [%leaf p=tape]
                                                                                          [%palm p=(qual tape tape tape tape) q=(list tank)]
                                                                                          [%rose p=(trel tape tape tape) q=(list tank)]
                                                                                          ==

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *tank
                                                                                          [%leaf p=""]
                                                                                          > ~(ram re 'foobar')
                                                                                          "foobar"
                                                                                          > ~(ram re leaf+"foo")
                                                                                          "foo"
                                                                                          > ~(ram re [%palm ["|" "(" "!" ")"] leaf+"foo" leaf+"bar" leaf+"baz" ~])
                                                                                          "(!foo|bar|baz)"
                                                                                          > ~(ram re [%rose [" " "[" "]"] leaf+"foo" leaf+"bar" leaf+"baz" ~])
                                                                                          "[foo bar baz]"

                                                                                          +$tape

                                                                                          List of characters

                                                                                          One of Hoon's two string types, the other being +cord. A tape is a list of @tD.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ tape (list @tD)

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *tape
                                                                                          ""
                                                                                          > `tape`"foobar"
                                                                                          "foobar"
                                                                                          >`(list @t)`"foobar"
                                                                                          <|f o o b a r|>
                                                                                          >`(list @tD)`"foobar"
                                                                                          "foobar"
                                                                                          > `(list @)`"foobar"
                                                                                          ~[102 111 111 98 97 114]

                                                                                          +$tour

                                                                                          UTF-32 clusters

                                                                                          A tour is a list of UTF-32 characters.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ tour (list @c)

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *tour
                                                                                          ~
                                                                                          > `tour`(tuba "foobar")
                                                                                          ~[~-f ~-o ~-o ~-b ~-a ~-r]

                                                                                          +$tarp

                                                                                          Parsed time

                                                                                          The time component of a date: day, hour, minute, second and a list of @ux for precision.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ tarp [d=@ud h=@ud m=@ud s=@ud f=(list @ux)]

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *tarp
                                                                                          [d=0 h=0 m=0 s=0 f=~]
                                                                                          > (yell now)
                                                                                          [d=106.751.991.821.625 h=22 m=58 s=10 f=~[0x44ff]]
                                                                                          > `tarp`(yell ~2014.6.6..21.09.15..0a16)
                                                                                          [d=106.751.991.820.172 h=21 m=9 s=15 f=~[0xa16]]
                                                                                          > (yell ~d20)
                                                                                          [d=20 h=0 m=0 s=0 f=~]

                                                                                          +$term

                                                                                          Hoon constant

                                                                                          A restricted text atom for Hoon constants. The only characters permitted are lowercase ASCII letters, -, and 0-9, the latter two of which cannot be the first character. The syntax for @tas is the text itself, always preceded by %. The empty @tas has a special syntax, $.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ term @tas

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *term
                                                                                          %$
                                                                                          > *%term
                                                                                          %term
                                                                                          > %dead-fish9
                                                                                          %dead-fish9
                                                                                          > -:!>(%dead-fish9)
                                                                                          #t/%dead-fish9
                                                                                          > -:!>(`@tas`%dead-fish9)
                                                                                          #t/@tas

                                                                                          +$wain

                                                                                          List of strings

                                                                                          A list of cords. A wain is used instead of a single cord with \n.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ wain (list cord)

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *wain
                                                                                          <||>
                                                                                          > `wain`/som/del/rok
                                                                                          <|som del rok|>

                                                                                          +$wall

                                                                                          List of list of characters

                                                                                          A list of tapes. wall is used instead of a single tape with \n.

                                                                                          Source

                                                                                          +$ wall (list tape)

                                                                                          Examples

                                                                                          > *wall
                                                                                          <<>>
                                                                                          > `wall`(wash [0 20] leaf+<(bex 256)>)
                                                                                          <<
                                                                                          "\\/115.792.089.237.\\/"
                                                                                          " 316.195.423.570."
                                                                                          " 985.008.687.907."
                                                                                          " 853.269.984.665."
                                                                                          " 640.564.039.457."
                                                                                          " 584.007.913.129."
                                                                                          " 639.936"
                                                                                          "\\/ \\/"
                                                                                          >>

                                                                                          <-

                                                                                          2p: Serialization

                                                                                          3a: Modular and Signed Ints

                                                                                          ->

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